Knowledge of grammar is necessary to give a pure form to English or any language. That’s why Grammar in English is that scripture, through which one comes to speak and write English properly.
Words are made by joining Vowels and Consonants. Phrase and Sentence are formed by combining words according to rules.
8 Parts of Speech in English Grammar
There are eight types of words which are called Part of Speech.
- Noun
- Pronoun
- adjective
- Verb
- Adverb
- Preposition
- Conjunction
- Interjection
Noun
The words that express a person, object, place, creature, emotion etc. are called nouns. Ram, Delhi, Chair, Horse, Truth, Happiness, Gold etc. are nouns.
Kinds of Noun
Nouns are of five types.
Proper Noun – The word which reveals the name of a particular person, place and thing is called Proper Noun. Like- Mahesh, Sita, Kanpur, Yamuna.
Common Noun – The word by which every object or person of a caste is understood is called Common Noun. Like- Man, Boy, School, Cow, Cat, River etc.
Collective Noun – The word by which the whole group of things or things can be understood is called Collective Noun. Like- Class, (name of group of students) Family, Army, Company etc.
Material Noun – The noun word by which any substance or metal is understood is called Material Noun. Like- Water, Rice, Sugar, Iron, Gold etc.
Abstract Noun – The noun word by which the name of any quality, state, work or science is known is called Abstract Noun. Like- Beauty, Honesty, Love, Power etc.
Pronoun
Definition – A word that is used in place of a noun is called a pronoun. Like- He, She, They, We etc.
Types of Pronoun
There are following types of Pronoun-
- Personal Pronoun
- Reflexive Pronouns
- Demonstrative Pronoun
- Relative Pronoun
- Interrogative Pronoun
- Indefinite Pronouns
- Distributive Pronoun
Personal Pronoun – The speaker, the hearer, the one about whom it is talked about, the Pronoun which gives the sense of these three is called Personal Pronoun. Like- I, We, Thou, You, He, She, It and They
Reflexive Pronoun – If the Nominative and Objective of a Verb are the same person or thing, then the Pronoun which is used for that Object is called Reflexive Pronoun. Like- a. He hides himself. b. You hurt yourself.
Demonstrative Pronoun – The Pronoun by which a particular person or thing is understood is called Demonstrative Pronoun. It points to a noun. like-
a. This is my pants.
b. That is your cycle.
Pant and cycle are indicated by This and That. These are Demonstrative Pronouns.
Relative Pronoun – The Pronoun which is related to an earlier name is called Relative Pronoun like – Who, Which, That and What when they come before any Noun word then they are called Relative Pronoun.
Interrogative Pronoun – The pronoun which is used to ask questions is called Interrogative Pronoun. Like-What, Which, Who
Indefinite Pronoun – The Pronoun which does not have knowledge of a certain person or thing is called Indefinite Pronoun. Like- They say you are happy. It has ‘They’ instance. Thus Same, Few, Name, Any etc.
Distributive Pronoun – Pronouns that have a different meaning for each of two or more than two persons are called Distributive Pronouns. Like-Each of the students received prizes. It has ‘Each’ instance.
Adjective and its Types
Adjective is that part of speech by which one’s quality, number, condition etc. is understood like-
a. I have a fine pen.
b. Sita has two cats.
In these sentences, the adjective of the word fine shows the quality of pen. Two indicates the number of cats. There are three types of Adjectives in English.
Adjective of quality – This – Adjective shows the quality of a Noun.
Like- a. A healthy boy.
b. A beautiful girl.
Healthy and beautiful are examples in these sentences.
Adjective of quantity – The adjective from which the number is understood is called Adjective of quantity. like–
a. I have much time.
b. There are two boys here.
In these examples Much, Two are adjectives indicating magnitude.
Demonstrative Adjective – The adjective by which a person or thing is indicated is called an indicative adjective. Such as- This School, That tree, These benches This, That, These are examples of indicative adjectives.
Verb and its Types
Verb is the part of speech by which one’s being or doing is revealed. like-
a. Mohan writes a letter.
b. We eat mangoes.
In the above sentences, the words write, eat indicate to do or have some work. For example, from the first sentence, there is knowledge of writing Mohan’s letter, from the second, information about eating mangoes. There are two types of verbs.
- Transitive and
- Intransitive (intransitive)
Transitive Verb – The verb which has an object in addition to the subject is called a Transitive Verb.
For example, Mohan reads his books.
In this, the subject is Mohan. After reads, there is books, object and (read) Transitive Verb.
Intransitive Verb – When in a sentence there is only the person doing the Verb and the action of the verb falls on the person who does it and not on any other, then that Verb is called Intransitive. For example, Ram sleeps In this sentence the subject of sleeps is Ram. And the effect of sleep also falls on Ram itself, hence Sleeps is Intransitive Verb.
Adverb
The word which gives information about the quality, defect, condition etc. of any other word except Noun and Pronoun is called Adverb. like-
a. The horse runs swiftly.
b. The baby walks slowly.
In the above sentences, the property of the verb runs appears swiftly. Walks slowly, so swiftly and slowly are the Adverb words.
Preposition
Preposition is the word which is used before a noun or pronoun. By which it is revealed that the person or thing for which that Noun or Pronoun is, has to do with any other thing.
For example – The copy is on the table.
In this sentence ‘on’ is Preposition. This table comes before the noun. From this it appears that the relation of the book table i.e. the table with it appears with the copy.
Conjunction
The word that joins Words and Sentences is called. It’s called a conjunction. like-
a. Sheela and Lata here.
b. I want pen and paper.
C. Mohan is poor but Sohan is rich.
In the above sentences and (both in the first and second) is a con- junction. Because in the first sentence and the words Sheela and Lata in the second and (pen and paper) in the third but the words Mohan is poor and Sohan is rich join the sentences.
Interjection
Words in which feelings of joy, controversy, surprise etc. are expressed are called Interjection exclamatory words. like-
a. Oh! What a beautiful flower you have.
b. Oh! Gandhi ji is no more.
c. Good-bye! Farewell.
In these sentences, the expressions of happiness from Oh, sorrow from Ah and farewell from Good bye are expressed. So Oh, Ah, Good-bye are examples of this.